HERMAPHRODITISM AS A REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY

We can determine the sex of your fish by inspecting its gonads (reproductive organs), which are located towards the top of the gut cavity. Mature female fish will have orange ovaries and male fish will have white testes. To find out the likelihood of your fish being male or female, find its length on the sex ratio graph. Fishes (and in plants and many invertebrate animals), a condition called hermaphroditism is common. A hermaphrodite is an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs. About 2 percent of all bony fish species are hermaphrodites, having both male and female sex characteristics. The distinct reproductive advantage is that they can reproduce opposite-gender specimens are not in the pool.

Why Change Sex?

Hermaphroditism is a reproductive strategy that is advantageous to some fish species. Fish who do not school, who live in deep or murky waters, or who have low population densities can have a hard time finding mates. Hermaphroditism enables a fish to change sex so it can mate with whatever individual of its own species it encounters.

Synchronous Hermaphrodites

Synchronous hermaphrodites are born with both ovaries and testes; both can produce eggs and sperm at maturity. Some species of salmon, sea bass and goby are synchronous hermaphrodites. These fish will form spawning pairs. One fish will lay eggs and the other will fertilize them. Then they switch roles and the second fish lays eggs so the first fish can fertilize them. The mangrove killifish is the only synchronous hermaphrodite known to self-fertilize, essentially cloning itself by fertilizing its eggs with its own sperm.

Sequential Hermaphrodites

Sequential hermaphrodites are born with dimorphic gonads, sex organs that have both male and female parts. At maturity, one part of the gonad is fully developed and the fish will either be male or female, capable of changing sex. There are two types of sequential hermaphrodites. Protogynous hermaphrodites are females that can change into males. Protandrous hermaphrodites are males that can change into females. Although most sequential hermaphrodites change sex only once if at all, during their lifetimes several species of goby can switch back and forth between sexes.

Protogynous Hermaphrodites

Most protogynous hermaphrodite live in harems, with one male and a group of females. They reproduce by the male releasing his sperm into the water and all the females releasing their eggs. When the male dies, the dominant female becomes male. Some wrasses, parrotfish, and dwarf angelfish reproduce this way.

Protandrous Hermaphrodite

Protandrous hermaphrodites are much less common than protogynous fish. Protandrous species include some clown fish, damselfish and black porgies. A breeding group of clown fish has one female, one male and several "neuters" who are sexually immature males. If the female dies, the male will change into a female and one of the neuters will develop into male.